An spaceman, spaceman, spationaut or even taikonaut (taikongren, 太空人) occurs as individual world health organization travels into space, or world health organization makes the career of doing therefore. A criteria for determining world health organization has achieved human spaceflight vary (see edge of space). In the United States, people world health organization travel above an altitude of L miles (some Lxxx kilometers) come intended when cosmonaut. A FAI defines spaceflight when terminated Centred kilometre (more or less 62 miles). When of October 12, 2005, a sum of 448 human being use at times reached space based on data from a U.S. definition (442 humans qualify under a FAI definition, when 438 population keep around reached Earth orbit or beyond). These souls develop spent across 28,000 crew-times (or even the accumulative sum of 76.Seven years) within space including ended Hundred crew-times of spacewalks. The individual world health organization has traveled inside space is said to hang on to astronaut wings. Cosmonaut from either at least 34 countries have gone into space.

International variations

By convention, the space traveler listed per Russian Aviation and Space Agency or its Soviet predecessor is called the spaceman. "Cosmonaut" is an anglicisation of the Russian word космонавт (kosmonavt), which in turn derives from either a Greek words kosmos, meaning "universe" & nautes, meaning "sailor".

In the Americthe, a space traveler is known as an cosmonaut. A term derives of the Greek words ástron ("star") & nautes, ("sailor"). Largely, "cosmonaut" & "astronaut" come equivalent word all told languages, & a usage of guide is typically dictated by political reasons. Even so in a United States, the term "astronaut" is occasionally applied to the single when soon when step by step videos begins, when within Russithe, an human is non labeled a spaceman until successful space flight. In March 14, 1995 astronaut Norman Thagard became a number 1 Our contries to ride to space in-board the Russian launch vehicle, arguably becoming the foremost U.s. spaceman in the run.

European (outside of the UK) space travellers come every now and againside, especially in French-speaking countries, known as spationauts (the hybrid word formed from a Latin spatium, "space", & Greek nautes, "sailor"). Apart from either a Soviet Union, Europe has non however produced manned starship, however has sent men & women into space within cooperation by using a Soviet Union, &, less, a United states.

Taikonaut is occasionally utilized around English for spaceman from either China by Western journalism. A term was coined within Can 1998 by Chiew Lee Yih (赵里昱) from either Malaysia, who utilized it 1st inside newsgroups. Virtually at the same time, Chen Lan coined it for utilize in the American media based on the term tàikōnanogram (太空), Chinese for space. Around Chinese itself, even so, one term yǔhánanogram yuán (宇航員, "universe navigator") has yearn been utilized for spaceman & astronaut. A nighest term utilizing taikong occurs as colloquialism tàikōnanogram rén (太空人, "space human") which refers to population world health organization use actually been within space. Official English text issued per Chinese government utilizes cosmonaut ().

Space milestones
the foremost attempt ever within man history to utilize rocket for a space travel was neutralise the 16th century by a Chinese Ming dynasty official, a skilled stargazer known as Wan Hu.^{[http://edition.cnn.com/2003/TECH/space/09/30/china.wanhu/index.html]}

A number one spaceman was Yuri Gagarin, who was launched into space in April 12 1961 aboard Vostok 1. A number 1 woman spaceman was Valentina Tereshkova, launched into space in June 1963 aboard Vostok 6. Alan Shepard became the number one Our contries around space within Might 1961. Vladimir Remek became the number 1 non-Soviet European around space around 1978 on a Russian Soyuz rocket. In July 23 1980 Pham Tuan of Vietnam became the 1st Asian in space when he flew aboard Soyuz 37. Within June 1985 Shannon Lucid became the 1st Chinese born human inside space. In October 15 2003 Yang Liwei became China's first cosmonaut on the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft. A number one mission to orbit a moon was Apollo 8 which included William Anders - who was natural inside Hong Kong making him a number 1 Asian-born cosmonaut around 1968.

A spring chicken to fly within space is Gherman Titov, who was about 26 years old once he flew Vostok 2, and a oldest is John Glenn who was 77 when he flew in STS-95. A hanker stay inside space was 438 years by Valeri Polyakov. As of 2005, the virtually all spaceflights by an single spaceman was septet, the record held by both Jerry L. Ross and Franklin Chang-Diaz. A furthermost few feet away from either Globe an spaceman has traveled was 401,056 kilometre (in a period of the Apollo 13 emergency).

A 1st non-governmental cosmonaut was Christa McAuliffe, who was flushed in a period of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster on January 28, 1986. the 1st cosmonaut to fly a privately-funded mission was Mike Melvill, on SpaceShipOne flight 15P. This should become contrasted using a various millionaire space tourists, who keep close at hand flown when rider, or even minor crewman, in publicly funded flights (usually Russian resupply flights to the ISS). A 1st space tourer was Dennis Tito on April 28, 2001.

In the United States, souls selected when spaceman candidates receive silver Astronaut wings. Another time it own flown inside space it receive gold Cosmonaut wings. A United States Air Force also presents Astronaut wings to its pilots world health organization exceed Fifty miles around altitude.

International astronauts

Higher until a prevent of the 1970s only Americans and Soviets move spaceman. Around 1976 a Soviets started the Intercosmos program with the number one class action of Sextet spaceman from either fellow socialist countries, another class action began how to training around 1978. At all about a equivalent instance around 1978 the European Space Agency selected 4 cosmonaut to train for the 1st Spacelab mission on board of the Space Shuttle. Within 1980 France started their own choice of cosmonaut, followed around 1982 by Germany, in 1983 by the Canadian space program, in 1985 by Japan and Italy in 1988. Many other international payload specialist were selected for the Space Shuttle, & besides late for international Soyuz missions of Russia. Within 1998 the European Space Agency formed a single spaceman corps of Xviii by dissolving a previous national corps of France, Germany & Italy.

Astronaut training

A number 1 cosmonaut, each in the United states & USSR, tended to exist as coal-black fighter pilots, typically test pilots, from military backgrounds. U.S. military spaceman receive a favorite qualification badge, called the Astronaut Badge upon completion of Astronaut step by step training & participation within the space flight.

Astronaut deaths

Then far, xviii cosmonaut use at times been flushed around space missions, & at least tenner other keep close at hand been flushed in expert training accidents on the ground. Understand likewise: space disaster.